Sentences are analyzing into
subjects, predicates, objects, and descriptions. Especially for complex
sentences / multilevel compound sentences. Or in other words, a sentence is a
combination of two or more words that have complete meaning with subject +
object.
Sentence
Elements in English:
1. Subject, subject or main sentence is an object or animal that is the subject of
conversation.
Subject
of a sentence
We know that a subject of a
sentence is usually a noun or a noun pharase that donotes the doer of an action
or the receiver of the action in a passive construction, or which is described
or identified. It is a person or persons or a thing or things and normally
precendes the verb. Every sentence in English must have a subject.
Plural
and Singular Subject
It is a must to identify
whether a subject of a sentence plural or singular. In an English sentence, a
singular subject uses a singular verb and a plural subject uses plural verb,
which is called subject and verb agreement.
If a sentence uses auxiliary (will, shall, may), then
the verb is always in the basic form. In the above sentence will is auxiliary
and be is the basic form for am, are, and is.
Pay attention to the highlighted words in the following sentences. Each of them is the main subject and the main verb of the sentence. See how a subject agrees with the main verb of the sentence.
2. Object, object or sufferer is naon or pronoun which is the target of the predicate or the goal of the subject.
Example of an object
pronoun sentence in English along with its meaning:
- Are
you sure you want me as your prom date?
(Apakah kau yakin kau menginginkan ku sebagai kencan pesta dansa mu?) - No, I didn’t ask you to bring it here.
- (Tidak, aku tidak meminta mu untuk membawa itu kemari.)
- Have I told you about my mother?
- (Sudahkah aku menceritakanmu tentang ibuku?)
- He
will kill me if he knows about this mess.
(Ia akan membunuhku juga tahu mengenai kekacauan ini.) - She
doesn’t want to give me a single advice about this.
(Ia tidak mau memberikan bahkan sebuah tips mengenai ini.) - Did
she just talk to me directly?
(Apakah barusan dia berbicara langsung kepadaku?) - I
do see him coming.
(Aku memang melihatnya datang.) - No,
I didn’t see her yesterday.
(Tidak, aku tidak melihatnya kemarin.) - Will
you tell him that I need some helps right over here?
(Akankah kau memberitahunya bahwa aku membutuhkan bantuan disini?)
3. Predicate,
a predicate is a
word that describes the state or subject of a subject.
4. Complement,
adverbs are words
that complete a sentence.
Example: 
Here are the forms of sentence patterns:
v
Subject
+ predicate (S+P)
Example:
Tenses
Time/Kinds
|
Simple
|
Continous
|
Perfect
|
Prefect Countinous
|
Present
|
Simple Present
|
Present Continous
|
Present Perfect
|
Present Perfect Countinous
|
Past
|
Simple Past
|
Past Continous
|
Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
Countinous
|
Future
|
Simple Future
|
Future Continous
|
Future Perfect
|
Future Perfect Countinous
|
Past Future
|
Simple Past Future
|
Past Future Continous
|
Past Future Perfect
|
Past Future Perfect Countinous
|
To make it easier to remember the 16 tenses formula
above, remember the types and times tenses above. Following is the description
of the formation of the tenses (sentence verb) formula based on the results of
the character match.
1. Simple
Present Tenses
Simple present tenses are used
to declare an act or activity that is taking place in the present, which often
occurs, habits, or activities are not limited by time users.
·
SIMPLE +PRESENT
( - ) + (V-1) so the sentence pattern is:
(+) Subject + Verb 1 (s/es) + Object
(-) Subject + Don’t/Doesn’t + Verb 1 + Object
(?) Do/Does + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
*Jika subjectnya She/He/It,
maka Verb_1 + (S/ES)
Example
:
1.
He
goesto schooleveryday
Subject
V1 (es) adverb
2.
Wereada
newspaper
Subject
V1 object
3.
Sheatkesan
apple
Subject
V1 (S/ES)
object
Verbs that
add the -ES suffix to simple present tenses are verbs that end in a hiss, like
-s, -ss, -x, -sh, ch, -o, - etc.
Example :
Wash :
Mencuci Mix :
Mencampur
Watch : Menonton Discuss : Diskusi
Go :
Pergi Push :
Menekan
Time
Signal of Present Tenses: always
(selalu), every morning (setiap pagi), every day (setiap hari), every night
(setiap malam), every week (setiap minggu), every Sunday (setiap saat), every year
(setiap tahun), every month (setiap bulan), now (sekarang), at present (pada
saat ini), right now (sekarang ini), today (hari ini), tonight (malam ini),
this evening (malam ini), still (masih), this morning ( pagi ini/tadi pagi),
this afternoon (sore ini), tn the evening (pada waktu petang), at noon (disiang
hari), at night (dimalam hari), at midnight (tengah malam).
2. Present
Continous Tense
The present continuous tense
is used to state a creation or situation that is happening when it is
discussed.
(+) subject + am/is/are + v.ing + object
(-) subject + am/is/are + not + v.ing + object
(?) am/is/are + subject + v.ing + object
Example:
a.
He
is drinking a cup of coffee
b.
They
are not singing
c.
Am I calling you?
In English, there are
certain verbs that cannot be transformed into meaningful V-ing forms,
including:
Tabel Verb + Ing
Tabel
Meaning noun + meaning V-ing
Example in the sentence:
- They Have No Money : Mereka Tidak Punya Uang
- I’m
Having Lunch : Saya
Menikmati Makan Siang
- My
Parfum Smells Good : Parfumku
Baunya Harum
- You Are Smelling Roses : Kamu Mencium Bunga-Bunga
3. Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense is used
to express a creation that has happened. This activity began in the past until
now.
So the sentence pattern is:
(+) Subject + Have/Has + V3 + Object
(-)
Subject + Have/Has + Not + V3 + Object
(?)
Have/Has + Subject + V3 + Object ?
*jika
subjectnya She/He/It, maka
menggunakan HAS
Example :
- She has taken a bath (Dia telah mandi)
- I
have not told you (Saya belum memberitahumu)
Time Signal : Signal
(sejak), during (selama), for (selama)
4. Present Perfect Continous Tense
Present perfect countinous is
used to express a creation or action that began in the past and is still
ongoing today. So the sentence pattern:
(+) Subject + Have/Has + Been + V.Ing + Object
(-)
Subject + Have/Has + Not + Been + V.Ing + Object
(?)
Have/Has + Subject + Been+ V.Ing + Object?
Example :
a. They
have been living in united states since 1990
(Mereka telah tinggal di Unites States sejak tahun
1990)
b. She
has been running for three hours
(Dia telah berlari selama tiga jam)
c. We
have been studying for whole day
(Kami telah belajar sepanjang hari)
Time Signal : for whole day (sepanjang hari), seven hours (tujuh
jam), since (sejak).
5. Simple Past
Simple past
is used to declare an action that occurs starting in the past and ending in the
past as well. So the sentence pattern is:
Kata Kerja Kedua (Verb 2)
Basically,
simple past tense has the same structure as simple present tense. The thing
that distinguishes the two is the time and verb used. The verb form used in
simple past tense must be in the form of a second verb or past verb, which
consists of the following two types:
Simple
past tense can be used to describe events or things that happened in the past
at a certain duration. To describe time information in the form of this
sentence, usually use the preposition "for". "For" is used
to describe the length of time the incident occurred in the past. Simple past
tense can also be used to describe habits that were often done in the past. In
this form, the subordinate conjunction is used, "When". The form of
this sentence usually explains the habits carried out in the past tense, then
the information that shows the time when doing the habit using
"when".
Simple
Present Tense using types "TO BE
1" and "VERB 1".
Note:
DO
and DOES are used in question sentences.
DON'T
(DO NOT) and DOESN'T (DOES NOT) are used in negative sentences.
TO BE 1 (am, is, are) is used when a sentence
has no verb (NON VERB), Simple Present Tense Formulas and Examples Expressing
Simple Present Tense sentences that use verbs (VERB).
Reference:
Drs. Binsar Sihombing dan Barbara Burton. 2018. English Grammar Comprehension. Jakarta: Grasindo.
